Gastroenterol Res

Gastroenterology Research, ISSN 1918-2805 print, 1918-2813 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Gastroenterol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://gr.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 000, Number 000, June 2025, pages 000-000

Clinicopathological Features of KRAS-Mutated Colon Cancer: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study

Figure 1. Nodal involvement and metastasis by TNM with KRAS. Values were expressed as percentages. Chi-square test was used for comparison. KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma oncogene; TNM: tumor, node, metastasis.

**Table 1.** Characteristics of Patients With Colon Cancer With *KRAS* Mutation
Variable	KRAS+ (n = 18)	KRAS- (n = 33)	P value	OR	95% CI
^aChi-square test. ^bStudent t-test. ^cFisher exact test. CI: confidence interval; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma oncogene; OR: odds ratio; PCa: prostate cancer.
Male, n (%)	11 (61.1%)	22 (66.7%)	0.69^a	0.78	0.2 - 2.5
Age, mean ± SD	66.5 ± 10.9	58.3 ± 10.1	0.01^b
≥ 60 years	16 (88.9%)	18 (54.5%)	0.01^a	6.6	1.3 - 33
< 60 years	2 (11.1%)	15 (45.4%)	0.01^a	0.15	0.03 - 0.7
Comorbilities, n (%)	18 (100%)	15 (45.4%)	0.001^a	0	0
heart disease, n (%)	9 (50%)	9 (27.2%)	0.132^c	2.6	0.8 - 8.8
Diabetes, n (%)	9 (50%)	5 (15.1%)	0.008^a	5.6	1.4 - 21
Others (PCa, thyroid cancer, COPD, bladder cancer), n (%)	5 (27.7%)	2 (6.0%)	0.044^c	5.9	1.0 - 34.7
Anatomical region
Sigmoid	11 (61.1%)	10 (30.3%)	0.03	3.6	1.0 - 12
Rectum	3 (16.6%)	9 (27.2%)	0.393	0.53	0.1 - 2.2
Ascending colon	2 (11.1%)	7 (21.2%)	0.366	0.46	0.08 - 2.5
Descending colon	1 (5.6%)	6 (18.2%)	0.210	0.26	0.02 - 2.3
Transverse colon	1 (5.6%)	1 (3%)	0.657	1.88	0.1 - 32

Table 1. Characteristics of Patients With Colon Cancer With KRAS Mutation

Variable

KRAS+ (n = 18)

KRAS- (n = 33)

P value

95% CI

^aChi-square test. ^bStudent t-test. ^cFisher exact test. CI: confidence interval; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma oncogene; OR: odds ratio; PCa: prostate cancer.

Male, n (%)

11 (61.1%)

22 (66.7%)

0.69^a

0.78

0.2 - 2.5

Age, mean ± SD

66.5 ± 10.9

58.3 ± 10.1

0.01^b

≥ 60 years

16 (88.9%)

18 (54.5%)

0.01^a

6.6

1.3 - 33

< 60 years

2 (11.1%)

15 (45.4%)

0.01^a

0.15

0.03 - 0.7

Comorbilities, n (%)

18 (100%)

15 (45.4%)

0.001^a

heart disease, n (%)

9 (50%)

9 (27.2%)

0.132^c

2.6

0.8 - 8.8

Diabetes, n (%)

9 (50%)

5 (15.1%)

0.008^a

5.6

1.4 - 21

Others (PCa, thyroid cancer, COPD, bladder cancer), n (%)

5 (27.7%)

2 (6.0%)

0.044^c

5.9

1.0 - 34.7

Anatomical region

Sigmoid

11 (61.1%)

10 (30.3%)

0.03

3.6

1.0 - 12

Rectum

3 (16.6%)

9 (27.2%)

0.393

0.53

0.1 - 2.2

Ascending colon

2 (11.1%)

7 (21.2%)

0.366

0.46

0.08 - 2.5

Descending colon

1 (5.6%)

6 (18.2%)

0.210

0.26

0.02 - 2.3

Transverse colon

1 (5.6%)

1 (3%)

0.657

1.88

0.1 - 32

**Table 2.** Histological Characteristics of Patients With Colon Cancer
Variable	KRAS+ (n = 18)	KRAS- (n = 33)	P value^a	OR	95% CI
^aChi-square test. CI: confidence interval; KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma oncogene; OR: odds ratio.
Histological grading
Well-differentiated, n (%)	2 (11.1%)	4 (12.1%)	0.91	0.90	0.14 - 5.5
Moderately differentiated, n (%)	14 (77.7%)	25 (75.7%)	0.87	1.12	0.28 - 4.3
Poorly differentiated, n (%)	2 (11.1%)	4 (12.1%)	0.91	0.90	0.14 - 5.5
Histological type
Tubular adenocarcinoma, n (%)	16 (88.8%)	29 (87.8%)	0.91	1.10	0.18 - 6.7
Mucinous adenocarcinoma, n (%)	2 (11.1%)	2 (6.0%)	0.52	1.93	0.24 - 15
Serrated Adenocarcinoma, n (%)	0 (0%)	2 (6.0%)	0.28	0	0

Table 2. Histological Characteristics of Patients With Colon Cancer

Variable

KRAS+ (n = 18)

KRAS- (n = 33)

P value^a

95% CI

^aChi-square test. CI: confidence interval; KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma oncogene; OR: odds ratio.

Histological grading

Well-differentiated, n (%)

2 (11.1%)

4 (12.1%)

0.91

0.90

0.14 - 5.5

Moderately differentiated, n (%)

14 (77.7%)

25 (75.7%)

0.87

1.12

0.28 - 4.3

Poorly differentiated, n (%)

2 (11.1%)

4 (12.1%)

0.91

0.90

0.14 - 5.5

Histological type

Tubular adenocarcinoma, n (%)

16 (88.8%)

29 (87.8%)

0.91

1.10

0.18 - 6.7

Mucinous adenocarcinoma, n (%)

2 (11.1%)

2 (6.0%)

0.52

1.93

0.24 - 15

Serrated Adenocarcinoma, n (%)

0 (0%)

2 (6.0%)

0.28

**Table 3.** Tumor Staging of Colon Cancer Patients in Relation to *KRAS* Mutation
TNM stage	KRAS+ (n = 18)	KRAS- (n = 33)
KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma oncogene; TNM: tumor, node, metastasis.
I, n (%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
II, n (%)	2 (11.1%)	2 (6.0%)
IIa, n (%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
IIb, n (%)	2 (11.1%)	0 (0%)
IIc, n (%)	0 (0%)	2 (6.0%)
III, n (%)	5 (27.7%)	13 (39.3%)
IIIa, n (%)	2 (11.1%)	0 (0%)
IIIb, n (%)	2 (11.1%)	7 (21.2%)
IIIc, n (%)	2 (11.1%)	5 (15.5%)
IV, n (%)	11 (61.1%)	18 (54.5%)
IVa, n (%)	2 (11.1%)	4 (12.1%)
IVb, n (%)	7 (38.8%)	15 (45.4%)
IVc, n (%)	2 (11.1%)	0 (0%)

Table 3. Tumor Staging of Colon Cancer Patients in Relation to KRAS Mutation

TNM stage

KRAS+ (n = 18)

KRAS- (n = 33)

KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma oncogene; TNM: tumor, node, metastasis.

I, n (%)

0 (0%)

II, n (%)

2 (11.1%)

2 (6.0%)

IIa, n (%)

0 (0%)

IIb, n (%)

2 (11.1%)

0 (0%)

IIc, n (%)

0 (0%)

2 (6.0%)

III, n (%)

5 (27.7%)

13 (39.3%)

IIIa, n (%)

2 (11.1%)

0 (0%)

IIIb, n (%)

2 (11.1%)

7 (21.2%)

IIIc, n (%)

2 (11.1%)

5 (15.5%)

IV, n (%)

11 (61.1%)

18 (54.5%)

IVa, n (%)

2 (11.1%)

4 (12.1%)

IVb, n (%)

7 (38.8%)

15 (45.4%)

IVc, n (%)

2 (11.1%)

0 (0%)

**Table 4.** *KRAS* and *BRAF* Mutation in Patients With Colon Cancer
BRAF mutation	KRAS+ (n = 18)	KRAS- (n = 33)	P value	OR	95% CI
^aChi-square test. ^bStudent’s t-test. BRAF: B-Raf proto-oncogene; CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; CI: confidence interval; KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma oncogene; OR: odds ratio.
Present, n (%)	11 (61.1%)	5 (15.1%)	0.001^a	8.8	2.2 - 33
Absent, n (%)	7 (38.8%)	28 (84.8%)	0.056	3.5	0.9 - 13
CEA, mean ± SD	973.10 ± 162.53	132.15 ± 184.61	0.001^b

Table 4. KRAS and BRAF Mutation in Patients With Colon Cancer

BRAF mutation

KRAS+ (n = 18)

KRAS- (n = 33)

P value

95% CI

^aChi-square test. ^bStudent’s t-test. BRAF: B-Raf proto-oncogene; CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; CI: confidence interval; KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma oncogene; OR: odds ratio.

Present, n (%)

11 (61.1%)

5 (15.1%)

0.001^a

8.8

2.2 - 33

Absent, n (%)

7 (38.8%)

28 (84.8%)

0.056

3.5

0.9 - 13

CEA, mean ± SD

973.10 ± 162.53

132.15 ± 184.61

0.001^b