Gastroenterol Res

Gastroenterology Research, ISSN 1918-2805 print, 1918-2813 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Gastroenterol Res and Elmer Press Inc

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Original Article

Volume 18, Number 3, June 2025, pages 129-138

Impact of Hospital Teaching Status on Outcomes of Acute Cholangitis: A Propensity-Matched Analysis of Hospitalizations in the United States

Figure 1. Comparison of inpatient mortality in acute cholangitis in teaching vs. non-teaching hospitals. National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020).

Figure 2. Primary and secondary outcomes of acute cholangitis: comparative analysis between teaching and non-teaching hospitals. National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020). CVC: central venous catheter; ERCP: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; Gall Pan: gallstone pancreatitis; ICU: intensive care unit; PSC: primary sclerosing cholangitis.

**Table 1.** Baseline Patient Characteristics of Acute Cholangitis in Non-Teaching Hospitals
	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020). CHF: congestive heart failure.
Total, 6,765	1,575	1,410	1,435	1,230	1,110
Female	895 (56.83%)	790 (56.03%)	630 (43.75%)	620 (50.41%)	530 (47.75%)
Comorbidities
Alcohol	50 (3.17%)	35 (2.48%)	40 (2.78%)	30 (2.44%)	25 (2.25%)
CHF	205 (13.02%)	245 (17.38%)	235 (16.32%)	210 (17.07%)	135 (12.16%)
Hypertension	1,030 (65.40%)	980 (69.50%)	1,065 (73.96%)	885 (71.95%)	785 (70.72%)
Diabetes mellitus	475 (30.16%)	460 (32.62%)	465 (32.29%)	370 (30.08%)	280 (25.23%)
Cirrhosis	45 (2.86%)	45 (3.19%)	35 (2.43%)	55 (4.47%)	20 (1.80%)
Race
White	1160 (76.32%)	1025 (75.65%)	1100 (78.01%)	920 (79.31%)	860 (80.75%)
Black	85 (5.59%)	65 (4.80%)	45 (3.19%)	20 (1.72%)	20 (1.88%)
Hispanic	135 (8.88%)	160 (11.81%)	140 (9.93%)	110 (9.48%)	85 (7.98%)
Asian or Pacific Islander	120 (7.89%)	75 (5.54%)	70 (4.96%)	70 (6.03%)	70 (6.57%)
Native American	10 (0.66%)	10 (0.74%)	5 (0.35%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Other	10 (0.66%)	20 (1.48%)	50 (3.55%)	40 (3.45%)	30 (2.82%)
Age group
18 - 30	45 (2.86%)	60 (4.26%)	25 (1.74%)	30 (2.44%)	15 (1.40%)
31 - 40	55 (3.49%)	35 (2.48%)	20 (1.39%)	35 (2.85%)	20 (1.86%)
41 - 50	80 (5.08%)	80 (5.67%)	70 (4.86%)	65 (5.28%)	64 (6.05%)
51 - 60	195 (12.38%)	145 (10.28%)	155 (10.76%)	130 (10.57%)	110 (10.23%)
61 - 70	290 (18.41%)	265 (18.79%)	360 (25.00%)	270 (21.96%)	170 (15.81%)
71 - 80	390 (24.76%)	340 (24.11%)	350 (24.31%)	310 (25.20%)	295 (27.44%)
> 80	520 (33.02%)	485 (34.40%)	460 (31.94%)	390 (31.71%)	400 (37.21%)

Table 1. Baseline Patient Characteristics of Acute Cholangitis in Non-Teaching Hospitals

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020). CHF: congestive heart failure.

Total, 6,765

1,575

1,410

1,435

1,230

1,110

Female

895 (56.83%)

790 (56.03%)

630 (43.75%)

620 (50.41%)

530 (47.75%)

Comorbidities

Alcohol

50 (3.17%)

35 (2.48%)

40 (2.78%)

30 (2.44%)

25 (2.25%)

CHF

205 (13.02%)

245 (17.38%)

235 (16.32%)

210 (17.07%)

135 (12.16%)

Hypertension

1,030 (65.40%)

980 (69.50%)

1,065 (73.96%)

885 (71.95%)

785 (70.72%)

Diabetes mellitus

475 (30.16%)

460 (32.62%)

465 (32.29%)

370 (30.08%)

280 (25.23%)

Cirrhosis

45 (2.86%)

45 (3.19%)

35 (2.43%)

55 (4.47%)

20 (1.80%)

Race

White

1160 (76.32%)

1025 (75.65%)

1100 (78.01%)

920 (79.31%)

860 (80.75%)

Black

85 (5.59%)

65 (4.80%)

45 (3.19%)

20 (1.72%)

20 (1.88%)

Hispanic

135 (8.88%)

160 (11.81%)

140 (9.93%)

110 (9.48%)

85 (7.98%)

Asian or Pacific Islander

120 (7.89%)

75 (5.54%)

70 (4.96%)

70 (6.03%)

70 (6.57%)

Native American

10 (0.66%)

10 (0.74%)

5 (0.35%)

0 (0.0%)

Other

10 (0.66%)

20 (1.48%)

50 (3.55%)

40 (3.45%)

30 (2.82%)

Age group

18 - 30

45 (2.86%)

60 (4.26%)

25 (1.74%)

30 (2.44%)

15 (1.40%)

31 - 40

55 (3.49%)

35 (2.48%)

20 (1.39%)

35 (2.85%)

20 (1.86%)

41 - 50

80 (5.08%)

80 (5.67%)

70 (4.86%)

65 (5.28%)

64 (6.05%)

51 - 60

195 (12.38%)

145 (10.28%)

155 (10.76%)

130 (10.57%)

110 (10.23%)

61 - 70

290 (18.41%)

265 (18.79%)

360 (25.00%)

270 (21.96%)

170 (15.81%)

71 - 80

390 (24.76%)

340 (24.11%)

350 (24.31%)

310 (25.20%)

295 (27.44%)

> 80

520 (33.02%)

485 (34.40%)

460 (31.94%)

390 (31.71%)

400 (37.21%)

**Table 2.** Baseline Patient Characteristics of Acute Cholangitis in Teaching Hospitals
	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020). CHF: congestive heart failure.
Total, 23,535	3,895	4,515	4,945	5,220	4,960
Female	2,000 (51.35%)	2,415 (53.49%)	2,595 (52.48%)	2,650 (50.77%)	2,440 (49.19%)
Comorbidities
Alcohol	155 (3.98%)	130 (2.88%)	160 (3.24%)	160 (3.07%)	195 (3.93%)
CHF	540 (13.86%)	685 (15.17%)	890 (18.0%)	890 (17.05%)	940 (18.95%)
Hypertension	2,705 (69.45%)	2,965 (65.67%)	3,315 (67.04%)	3,680 (70.50%)	3,385 (68.25%)
Diabetes mellitus	1,160 (29.78%)	1,245 (27.57%)	1,525 (30.84%)	1,670 (31.99%)	1,620 (32.66%)
Cirrhosis	140 (3.59%)	125 (2.77%)	210 (4.25%)	245 (4.69%)	210 (4.23%)
Race
White	2,515 (68.90%)	2,990 (69.05%)	3,245 (67.46%)	3,555 (69.84%)	3,370 (69.92%)
Black	240 (6.58%)	245 (5.66%)	310 (6.44%)	325 (6.39%)	280 (5.81%)
Hispanic	500 (13.70%)	580 (13.39%)	715 (14.86%)	600 (11.79%)	690 (14.32%)
Asian or Pacific Islander	225 (6.16%)	300 (6.93%)	344 (7.17%)	355 (6.97%)	325 (6.74%)
Native American	30 (0.82%)	25 (0.58%)	45 (0.94%)	45 (0.88%)	50 (1.04%)
Other	140 (3.84%)	190 (4.39%)	150 (3.12%)	210 (4.13%)	105 (2.18%)
Age group
18 - 30	130 (3.34%)	165 (3.65%)	135 (2.73%)	115 (2.20%)	135 (2.86%)
31 - 40	135 (3.47%)	195 (4.32%)	230 (4.65%)	180 (3.45%)	160 (3.39%)
41 - 50	210 (5.39%)	245 (5.43%)	315 (6.37%)	265 (5.08%)	265 (5.61%)
51 - 60	550 (14.12%)	560 (12.40%)	520 (10.52%)	700 (13.41%)	510 (10.81%)
61 - 70	785 (20.15%)	925 (20.49%)	1,085 (21.94%)	1,080 (20.69%)	985 (20.87%)
71 - 80	925 (23.75%)	910 (20.16%)	1,070 (21.64%)	1,190 (22.80%)	1,065 (22.56%)
> 80	1,160 (29.78%)	1,515 (33.55%)	1,590 (32.15%)	1,690 (32.38%)	1,600 (33.90%)

Table 2. Baseline Patient Characteristics of Acute Cholangitis in Teaching Hospitals

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020). CHF: congestive heart failure.

Total, 23,535

3,895

4,515

4,945

5,220

4,960

Female

2,000 (51.35%)

2,415 (53.49%)

2,595 (52.48%)

2,650 (50.77%)

2,440 (49.19%)

Comorbidities

Alcohol

155 (3.98%)

130 (2.88%)

160 (3.24%)

160 (3.07%)

195 (3.93%)

CHF

540 (13.86%)

685 (15.17%)

890 (18.0%)

890 (17.05%)

940 (18.95%)

Hypertension

2,705 (69.45%)

2,965 (65.67%)

3,315 (67.04%)

3,680 (70.50%)

3,385 (68.25%)

Diabetes mellitus

1,160 (29.78%)

1,245 (27.57%)

1,525 (30.84%)

1,670 (31.99%)

1,620 (32.66%)

Cirrhosis

140 (3.59%)

125 (2.77%)

210 (4.25%)

245 (4.69%)

210 (4.23%)

Race

White

2,515 (68.90%)

2,990 (69.05%)

3,245 (67.46%)

3,555 (69.84%)

3,370 (69.92%)

Black

240 (6.58%)

245 (5.66%)

310 (6.44%)

325 (6.39%)

280 (5.81%)

Hispanic

500 (13.70%)

580 (13.39%)

715 (14.86%)

600 (11.79%)

690 (14.32%)

Asian or Pacific Islander

225 (6.16%)

300 (6.93%)

344 (7.17%)

355 (6.97%)

325 (6.74%)

Native American

30 (0.82%)

25 (0.58%)

45 (0.94%)

45 (0.88%)

50 (1.04%)

Other

140 (3.84%)

190 (4.39%)

150 (3.12%)

210 (4.13%)

105 (2.18%)

Age group

18 - 30

130 (3.34%)

165 (3.65%)

135 (2.73%)

115 (2.20%)

135 (2.86%)

31 - 40

135 (3.47%)

195 (4.32%)

230 (4.65%)

180 (3.45%)

160 (3.39%)

41 - 50

210 (5.39%)

245 (5.43%)

315 (6.37%)

265 (5.08%)

265 (5.61%)

51 - 60

550 (14.12%)

560 (12.40%)

520 (10.52%)

700 (13.41%)

510 (10.81%)

61 - 70

785 (20.15%)

925 (20.49%)

1,085 (21.94%)

1,080 (20.69%)

985 (20.87%)

71 - 80

925 (23.75%)

910 (20.16%)

1,070 (21.64%)

1,190 (22.80%)

1,065 (22.56%)

> 80

1,160 (29.78%)

1,515 (33.55%)

1,590 (32.15%)

1,690 (32.38%)

1,600 (33.90%)

**Table 3.** Baseline Patients Characteristics Comparison^a for Non-Teaching vs. Teaching Hospitals in Patients With Acute Cholangitis
	Non-teaching hospitals	Teaching hospitals	P-value
^aAfter matching propensity score 1:1 to adjust baseline differences. National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020). CHF: congestive heart failure.
Total	6,765	6,505
Female	3,330 (51.19%)	3,180.0 (48.89%)	0.0085
Race			< 0.001
White	5,065.0 (77.86%)	4,730.0 (72.71%)
Black	235.0 (3.61%)	300.0 (4.61%)
Other	1,205.0 (18.52%)	1,475.0 (22.67%)
Comorbidities
CHF	970.0 (14.91%)	875.0 (13.45%)	0.017
Hypertension	4,595.0 (70.64%)	3,860.0 (59.34%)	< 0.0001
Diabetes mellitus	1,970.0 (30.28%)	1,880.0 (28.90%)	0.0839
Alcohol abuse	170.0 (2.61%)	250.0 (3.84%)	< 0.0001
Cirrhosis	195.0 (3.00%)	330.0 (5.07%)	< 0.0001

Table 3. Baseline Patients Characteristics Comparison^a for Non-Teaching vs. Teaching Hospitals in Patients With Acute Cholangitis

Non-teaching hospitals

Teaching hospitals

P-value

^aAfter matching propensity score 1:1 to adjust baseline differences. National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020). CHF: congestive heart failure.

Total

6,765

6,505

Female

3,330 (51.19%)

3,180.0 (48.89%)

0.0085

Race

< 0.001

White

5,065.0 (77.86%)

4,730.0 (72.71%)

Black

235.0 (3.61%)

300.0 (4.61%)

Other

1,205.0 (18.52%)

1,475.0 (22.67%)

Comorbidities

CHF

970.0 (14.91%)

875.0 (13.45%)

0.017

Hypertension

4,595.0 (70.64%)

3,860.0 (59.34%)

< 0.0001

Diabetes mellitus

1,970.0 (30.28%)

1,880.0 (28.90%)

0.0839

Alcohol abuse

170.0 (2.61%)

250.0 (3.84%)

< 0.0001

Cirrhosis

195.0 (3.00%)

330.0 (5.07%)

< 0.0001

**Table 4.** Primary and Secondary Outcomes Variables for Patients With Acute Cholangitis in Non-Teaching vs. Teaching Hospitals^a
	Non-teaching hospitals	Teaching hospitals	P-value
^aAfter matching propensity score 1:1 to adjust baseline differences; National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020). CVC: central venous catheter; ERCP: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; ICU: intensive care unit; PSC: primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Total	6,505	6,505
Primary outcomes
Inpatient mortality	135.0 (2.08%)	180.0 (2.77%)	0.0103
Length of hospital stay (days)	5.54 (± 10.87)	6.38 (± 16.12)
Total hospitalization costs (USD)	18,547 (± 40,714)	21,251 (± 52,898)
Secondary outcomes
Septic shock	815.0 (12.53%)	1,045 (16.06%)	< 0.0001
Intubation	225.0 (3.46%)	345.0 (5.30%)	< 0.0001
ICU	330.0 (5.07%)	430.0 (6.61%)	0.0002
CVC	150.0 (2.31%)	145.0 (2.23%)	0.7684
ERCP	160.0 (2.46%)	170 (2.61%)	0.5771
Etiology
Gallstone	1,105.0 (16.22%)	940.0 (14.45%)	0.0051
Biliary stricture	110.0 (1.69%)	125.0 (1.92%)	0.3234
PSC	0.0 (0.0%)	5.0 (0.08%)	0.0253

Table 4. Primary and Secondary Outcomes Variables for Patients With Acute Cholangitis in Non-Teaching vs. Teaching Hospitals^a

Non-teaching hospitals

Teaching hospitals

P-value

^aAfter matching propensity score 1:1 to adjust baseline differences; National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020). CVC: central venous catheter; ERCP: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; ICU: intensive care unit; PSC: primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Total

6,505

Primary outcomes

Inpatient mortality

135.0 (2.08%)

180.0 (2.77%)

0.0103

Length of hospital stay (days)

5.54 (± 10.87)

6.38 (± 16.12)

Total hospitalization costs (USD)

18,547 (± 40,714)

21,251 (± 52,898)

Secondary outcomes

Septic shock

815.0 (12.53%)

1,045 (16.06%)

< 0.0001

Intubation

225.0 (3.46%)

345.0 (5.30%)

< 0.0001

ICU

330.0 (5.07%)

430.0 (6.61%)

0.0002

CVC

150.0 (2.31%)

145.0 (2.23%)

0.7684

ERCP

160.0 (2.46%)

170 (2.61%)

0.5771

Etiology

Gallstone

1,105.0 (16.22%)

940.0 (14.45%)

0.0051

Biliary stricture

110.0 (1.69%)

125.0 (1.92%)

0.3234

PSC

0.0 (0.0%)

5.0 (0.08%)

0.0253

**Table 5.** Primary and Secondary Outcome Trends in Acute Cholangitis in Non-Teaching Hospitals
	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	P-value
National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020). CVC: central venous catheter; ICU: intensive care unit; PSC: primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Total, 6,760	1,575	1,410	1,435	1,230	1,110
Primary outcomes
Inpatient mortality	40 (2.54%)	30 (2.13%)	45 (3.14%)	10 (0.81%)	20 (1.80%)	0.0008
Length of stay (days)	6.29	5.72	5.67	4.80	4.93
Total hospitalization costs (USD)	19,993	18,895	19,308	17,781	18,763
Secondary outcomes
Septic shock	195 (12.38%)	155 (10.99%)	170 (11.81%)	190 (15.45%)	120 (10.81%)	0.0028
Intubation	80 (5.08%)	45 (3.19%)	60 (4.17%)	20 (1.63%)	30 (2.70%)	< 0.0001
ICU	110 (6.98%)	70 (4.96%)	100 (6.94%)	25 (2.03%)	35 (3.15%)	< 0.0001
Pressors	15 (0.95%)	20 (1.42%)	35 (2.43%)	35 (2.85%)	20 (1.80%)	0.0013
CVC	50 (3.17%)	25 (1.77%)	60 (4.17%)	5 (0.41%)	10 (0.90%)	< 0.0001
Etiology
Biliary stricture	25 (1.59%)	5 (0.35%)	35 (2.43%)	35 (2.85%)	10 (0.90%)	< 0.0001
Gallstone	275 (17.46%)	230 (16.31%)	210 (14.58%)	240 (19.51%)	150 (13.51%)	0.0004
Choledocholithiasis	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
PSC	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)

Table 5. Primary and Secondary Outcome Trends in Acute Cholangitis in Non-Teaching Hospitals

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

P-value

National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020). CVC: central venous catheter; ICU: intensive care unit; PSC: primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Total, 6,760

1,575

1,410

1,435

1,230

1,110

Primary outcomes

Inpatient mortality

40 (2.54%)

30 (2.13%)

45 (3.14%)

10 (0.81%)

20 (1.80%)

0.0008

Length of stay (days)

6.29

5.72

5.67

4.80

4.93

Total hospitalization costs (USD)

19,993

18,895

19,308

17,781

18,763

Secondary outcomes

Septic shock

195 (12.38%)

155 (10.99%)

170 (11.81%)

190 (15.45%)

120 (10.81%)

0.0028

Intubation

80 (5.08%)

45 (3.19%)

60 (4.17%)

20 (1.63%)

30 (2.70%)

< 0.0001

ICU

110 (6.98%)

70 (4.96%)

100 (6.94%)

25 (2.03%)

35 (3.15%)

< 0.0001

Pressors

15 (0.95%)

20 (1.42%)

35 (2.43%)

35 (2.85%)

20 (1.80%)

0.0013

CVC

50 (3.17%)

25 (1.77%)

60 (4.17%)

5 (0.41%)

10 (0.90%)

< 0.0001

Etiology

Biliary stricture

25 (1.59%)

5 (0.35%)

35 (2.43%)

35 (2.85%)

10 (0.90%)

< 0.0001

Gallstone

275 (17.46%)

230 (16.31%)

210 (14.58%)

240 (19.51%)

150 (13.51%)

0.0004

Choledocholithiasis

0 (0.0%)

PSC

0 (0.0%)

**Table 6.** Primary and Secondary Outcome Trends in Acute Cholangitis in Teaching Hospitals
	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	P-value
National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020). CVC: central venous catheter; ICU: intensive care unit; PSC: primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Total, 23,535	3,895	4,515	4,945	5,220	4,960
Primary outcomes
Inpatient mortality	135 (3.48%)	135 (2.99%)	115 (2.33%)	175 (3.35%)	150 (3.02%)	0.0117
Length of stay (days)	6.34	6.41	6.68	6.08	6.42
Total hospitalization costs (USD)	20,287	20,858	21,703	21,255	23,902
Secondary outcomes
Septic shock	600 (15.40%)	670 (14.84%)	845 (17.09%)	760 (14.56%)	805 (16.23%)	0.0028
Intubation	195 (5.01%)	210 (4.65%)	245 (4.95%)	170 (3.26%)	205 (4.13%)	< 0.0001
ICU	250 (6.42%)	290 (6.42%)	345 (6.98%)	210 (4.02%)	255 (5.14%)	< 0.0001
Pressors	75 (1.93%)	115 (2.55%)	180 (3.64%)	195 (3.74%)	185 (3.73%)	< 0.0001
CVC	110 (2.82%)	100 (2.21%)	145 (2.93%)	50 (0.96%)	75 (1.51%)	< 0.0001
Etiology
Biliary stricture	90 (2.31%)	90 (1.99%)	110 (2.22%)	90 (1.72%)	165 (3.33%)	< 0.0001
Gallstone	530 (13.61%)	675 (14.95%)	780 (15.77%)	770 (14.75%)	640 (12.90%)	0.0005
Choledocholithiasis	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
PSC	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	5 (0.10%)	20 (0.38%)	0 (0.0%)	< 0.0001

Table 6. Primary and Secondary Outcome Trends in Acute Cholangitis in Teaching Hospitals

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

P-value

National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020). CVC: central venous catheter; ICU: intensive care unit; PSC: primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Total, 23,535

3,895

4,515

4,945

5,220

4,960

Primary outcomes

Inpatient mortality

135 (3.48%)

135 (2.99%)

115 (2.33%)

175 (3.35%)

150 (3.02%)

0.0117

Length of stay (days)

6.34

6.41

6.68

6.08

6.42

Total hospitalization costs (USD)

20,287

20,858

21,703

21,255

23,902

Secondary outcomes

Septic shock

600 (15.40%)

670 (14.84%)

845 (17.09%)

760 (14.56%)

805 (16.23%)

0.0028

Intubation

195 (5.01%)

210 (4.65%)

245 (4.95%)

170 (3.26%)

205 (4.13%)

< 0.0001

ICU

250 (6.42%)

290 (6.42%)

345 (6.98%)

210 (4.02%)

255 (5.14%)

< 0.0001

Pressors

75 (1.93%)

115 (2.55%)

180 (3.64%)

195 (3.74%)

185 (3.73%)

< 0.0001

CVC

110 (2.82%)

100 (2.21%)

145 (2.93%)

50 (0.96%)

75 (1.51%)

< 0.0001

Etiology

Biliary stricture

90 (2.31%)

90 (1.99%)

110 (2.22%)

90 (1.72%)

165 (3.33%)

< 0.0001

Gallstone

530 (13.61%)

675 (14.95%)

780 (15.77%)

770 (14.75%)

640 (12.90%)

0.0005

Choledocholithiasis

0 (0.0%)

PSC

0 (0.0%)

5 (0.10%)

20 (0.38%)

0 (0.0%)

< 0.0001

**Table 7.** Primary and Secondary Outcomes Variables for Patients Who Underwent ERCP in Non-Teaching vs. Teaching Hospitals^a
	Non-teaching hospitals	Teaching hospitals	P-value
^aAfter matching propensity score 1:1 to adjust baseline differences. National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020). CVC: central venous catheter; ERCP: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; ICU: intensive care unit.
Total	165	430
Inpatient mortality	0	15 (3.49%)	0.0260
Septic shock	10 (6.06%)	65 (15.12%)	0.0238
Intubation	0	10 (2.33%)	0.0693
ICU	0	10 (2.33%)	0.0693
CVC	0	0

Table 7. Primary and Secondary Outcomes Variables for Patients Who Underwent ERCP in Non-Teaching vs. Teaching Hospitals^a

Non-teaching hospitals

Teaching hospitals

P-value

^aAfter matching propensity score 1:1 to adjust baseline differences. National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020). CVC: central venous catheter; ERCP: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; ICU: intensive care unit.

Total

165

430

Inpatient mortality

15 (3.49%)

0.0260

Septic shock

10 (6.06%)

65 (15.12%)

0.0238

Intubation

10 (2.33%)

0.0693

ICU

10 (2.33%)

0.0693

CVC

**Table 8.** Comparison of ERCP Complications^a for Non-Teaching vs. Teaching Hospitals in Patients With Acute Cholangitis
	Non-teaching hospitals	Teaching hospitals	P-value
^aAfter matching propensity score 1:1 to adjust baseline differences. National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020). ERCP: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; PEP: post-ERCP pancreatitis.
Total	165	430
PEP	0	20 (4.65%)	0.0136
Cholecystitis	30 (18.18%)	105 (24.42%)	0.0065
Bleeding	0	5 (1.16%)	0.1904
Perforation	0	0

Table 8. Comparison of ERCP Complications^a for Non-Teaching vs. Teaching Hospitals in Patients With Acute Cholangitis

Non-teaching hospitals

Teaching hospitals

P-value

^aAfter matching propensity score 1:1 to adjust baseline differences. National Inpatient Sample database (2016 - 2020). ERCP: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; PEP: post-ERCP pancreatitis.

Total

165

430

PEP

20 (4.65%)

0.0136

Cholecystitis

30 (18.18%)

105 (24.42%)

0.0065

Bleeding

5 (1.16%)

0.1904

Perforation