Gastroenterol Res

Gastroenterology Research, ISSN 1918-2805 print, 1918-2813 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Gastroenterol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://gr.elmerpub.com

Opinion

Volume 18, Number 5, October 2025, pages 239-246

Alcoholic Cirrhosis in the Hispanic Population of the United States: A Retrospective Analysis

Figure 1. CONSORT diagram showing alcoholic cirrhosis in non-Hispanic vs. Hispanic patient population.

**Table 1.** Demographics
Characteristic	Overall frequency/mean	Overall %/SD	Hispanic	Hispanic %/SD	Non-Hispanic	Non-Hispanic %/SD	P value
SD: standard deviation.
Total patients	1,002,115		171,670	17.1	830,445	82.9
Age (mean in years, SD)	56.17	11.81	54.11	11.95	56.59	11.74	< 0.001
Age group
18 - 30	14,565	1.5	3,090	1.8	11,475	1.4	< 0.001
31 - 40	88,985	8.9	19,870	11.6	69,115	8.3	< 0.001
41 - 50	196,820	19.6	41,020	23.9	155,800	18.8	< 0.001
51 - 60	341,285	34.1	56,170	32.7	285,115	34.3	< 0.001
61 - 70	249,240	24.8	36,255	21.1	212,985	25.6	< 0.001
71 - 80	90,800	9.1	12,220	7.1	78,580	9.5	< 0.001
81 and above	20,420	2.0	3,045	1.8	17,375	2.1	< 0.001
Gender							< 0.001
Male	694,870	69.3	139,445	81.2	555,425	66.9
Female	307,145	30.7	32,200	18.8	274,945	33.1
Insurance type							< 0.001
Medicare	353,785	35.4	47,790	27.9	305,995	36.9
Medicaid	306,345	30.6	72,045	42.0	234,300	28.3
Private	225,125	22.5	25,405	14.8	199,720	24.1
Self-pay	75,475	7.5	20,300	11.8	55,175	6.7
No charge	6,510	0.7	1,790	1.0	4,720	0.6
Other	33,270	3.3	4,145	2.4	29,125	3.5
Hospital teaching status							< 0.001
Rural	15,765	7.0	930	2.5	14,835	7.9
Urban non-teaching	59,715	26.6	10,520	28.0	49,195	26.3
Urban teaching	149,005	66.4	26,155	69.6	122,850	65.7
Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) (SD)	4.24	2.17	4.15	2.26	4.26	2.15	< 0.001

Table 1. Demographics

Characteristic

Overall frequency/mean

Overall %/SD

Hispanic

Hispanic %/SD

Non-Hispanic

Non-Hispanic %/SD

P value

SD: standard deviation.

Total patients

1,002,115

171,670

17.1

830,445

82.9

Age (mean in years, SD)

56.17

11.81

54.11

11.95

56.59

11.74

< 0.001

Age group

18 - 30

14,565

1.5

3,090

1.8

11,475

1.4

< 0.001

31 - 40

88,985

8.9

19,870

11.6

69,115

8.3

< 0.001

41 - 50

196,820

19.6

41,020

23.9

155,800

18.8

< 0.001

51 - 60

341,285

34.1

56,170

32.7

285,115

34.3

< 0.001

61 - 70

249,240

24.8

36,255

21.1

212,985

25.6

< 0.001

71 - 80

90,800

9.1

12,220

7.1

78,580

9.5

< 0.001

81 and above

20,420

2.0

3,045

1.8

17,375

2.1

< 0.001

Gender

< 0.001

Male

694,870

69.3

139,445

81.2

555,425

66.9

Female

307,145

30.7

32,200

18.8

274,945

33.1

Insurance type

< 0.001

Medicare

353,785

35.4

47,790

27.9

305,995

36.9

Medicaid

306,345

30.6

72,045

42.0

234,300

28.3

Private

225,125

22.5

25,405

14.8

199,720

24.1

Self-pay

75,475

7.5

20,300

11.8

55,175

6.7

No charge

6,510

0.7

1,790

1.0

4,720

0.6

Other

33,270

3.3

4,145

2.4

29,125

3.5

Hospital teaching status

< 0.001

Rural

15,765

7.0

930

2.5

14,835

7.9

Urban non-teaching

59,715

26.6

10,520

28.0

49,195

26.3

Urban teaching

149,005

66.4

26,155

69.6

122,850

65.7

Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) (SD)

4.24

2.17

4.15

2.26

4.26

2.15

< 0.001

**Table 2.** Comorbidities Among Hispanics and Non-Hispanics
Comorbidity	Total frequency	Total (%)	Hispanics	Hispanics (%)	Non-Hispanics	Non-Hispanics (%)	P value
DM: diabetes mellitus.
DM (type 1 and 2)	250,010	24.9%	56,395	32.9%	193,615	23.3%	< 0.001
Hypertension	524,710	52.4%	83,725	48.8%	440,985	53.1%	< 0.001
Hyperlipidemia	160,560	16.0%	23,090	13.5%	137,470	16.6%	< 0.001

Table 2. Comorbidities Among Hispanics and Non-Hispanics

Comorbidity

Total frequency

Total (%)

Hispanics

Hispanics (%)

Non-Hispanics

Non-Hispanics (%)

P value

DM: diabetes mellitus.

DM (type 1 and 2)

250,010

24.9%

56,395

32.9%

193,615

23.3%

< 0.001

Hypertension

524,710

52.4%

83,725

48.8%

440,985

53.1%

< 0.001

Hyperlipidemia

160,560

16.0%

23,090

13.5%

137,470

16.6%

< 0.001

**Table 3.** Primary and Secondary Outcomes/Interventions
Outcome/interventions	Total frequency/median	Total (%)	Hispanics	Hispanics (%)	Non-Hispanics	Non-Hispanics (%)	P value
N/A: not applicable.
Total hospitalizations included in the analysis	1,002,115	100%	171,670	17.1%	830,445	82.9%	N/A
Inpatient death	66,305	6.6%	10,145	5.9%	56,160	6.8%	< 0.001
Median length of stay (days)	4	N/A	4	N/A	4	N/A
Median total hospitalization charges ($)	40,152	N/A	46,494	N/A	38,881	N/A	< 0.001
Any blood product transfusion	169,815	16.9%	35,845	20.9%	133,970	16.1%	< 0.001
Red cell product transfusions	145,000	14.5%	29,875	17.4%	115,125	13.9%	< 0.001
TIPSS	5,315	0.5%	925	0.5%	4,390	0.5%	0.597
Esophageal varices with banding	53,535	5.3%	12,655	7.4%	40,880	4.9%	< 0.001
Liver transplant	7,285	0.7%	1,075	0.6%	6,210	0.7%	< 0.001

Table 3. Primary and Secondary Outcomes/Interventions

Outcome/interventions

Total frequency/median

Total (%)

Hispanics

Hispanics (%)

Non-Hispanics

Non-Hispanics (%)

P value

N/A: not applicable.

Total hospitalizations included in the analysis

1,002,115

100%

171,670

17.1%

830,445

82.9%

N/A

Inpatient death

66,305

6.6%

10,145

5.9%

56,160

6.8%

< 0.001

Median length of stay (days)

N/A

Median total hospitalization charges ($)

40,152

N/A

46,494

N/A

38,881

N/A

< 0.001

Any blood product transfusion

169,815

16.9%

35,845

20.9%

133,970

16.1%

< 0.001

Red cell product transfusions

145,000

14.5%

29,875

17.4%

115,125

13.9%

< 0.001

TIPSS

5,315

0.5%

925

0.5%

4,390

0.5%

0.597

Esophageal varices with banding

53,535

5.3%

12,655

7.4%

40,880

4.9%

< 0.001

Liver transplant

7,285

0.7%

1,075

0.6%

6,210

0.7%

< 0.001

**Table 4.** Portal Hypertensive Complications
Complication	Total frequency	Total (%)	Hispanics	Hispanics (%)	Non-Hispanics	Non-Hispanics (%)	P value
N/A: not applicable.
Total hospitalizations included in the analysis	1,002,115	100%	171,670	17.1%	830,445	82.9%	N/A
Ascites	502,200	50.1%	82,500	48.1%	419,700	50.5%	< 0.001
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis	42,450	4.2%	7,900	4.6%	34,550	4.2%	< 0.001
Hepatorenal syndrome	65,290	6.5%	10,610	6.2%	54,680	6.6%	< 0.001
All esophageal varices	239,910	23.9%	48,800	28.4%	191,110	23%	< 0.001
Esophageal varices with bleeding	72,285	7.2%	16,630	9.7%	55,655	6.7%	< 0.001
Acute liver failure	251,560	25.1%	45,595	26.6%	205,965	24.8%	< 0.001
Hepatic failure with coma (hepatic encephalopathy)	5,045	0.5%	855	0.5%	4,190	0.5%	0.729
Hepatocellular carcinoma	21,750	2.2%	6,175	3.6%	15,575	1.9%	< 0.001
Hepatopulmonary syndrome	2,765	0.3%	415	0.2%	2,350	0.3%	0.003
Portopulmonary hypertension	343,395	34.3%	62,350	36.3%	281,045	33.8%	< 0.001

Table 4. Portal Hypertensive Complications

Complication

Total frequency

Total (%)

Hispanics

Hispanics (%)

Non-Hispanics

Non-Hispanics (%)

P value

N/A: not applicable.

Total hospitalizations included in the analysis

1,002,115

100%

171,670

17.1%

830,445

82.9%

N/A

Ascites

502,200

50.1%

82,500

48.1%

419,700

50.5%

< 0.001

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

42,450

4.2%

7,900

4.6%

34,550

4.2%

< 0.001

Hepatorenal syndrome

65,290

6.5%

10,610

6.2%

54,680

6.6%

< 0.001

All esophageal varices

239,910

23.9%

48,800

28.4%

191,110

23%

< 0.001

Esophageal varices with bleeding

72,285

7.2%

16,630

9.7%

55,655

6.7%

< 0.001

Acute liver failure

251,560

25.1%

45,595

26.6%

205,965

24.8%

< 0.001

Hepatic failure with coma (hepatic encephalopathy)

5,045

0.5%

855

0.5%

4,190

0.5%

0.729

Hepatocellular carcinoma

21,750

2.2%

6,175

3.6%

15,575

1.9%

< 0.001

Hepatopulmonary syndrome

2,765

0.3%

415

0.2%

2,350

0.3%

0.003

Portopulmonary hypertension

343,395

34.3%

62,350

36.3%

281,045

33.8%

< 0.001